2. Material and techniques
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
Specifically, the WBQ will bring: (A) studies to your reputation of one’s participant; (B) recording away from consumption to the time of the early in the day few days off good and liquid food, liquids otherwise drinks away from a partial-decimal restaurants regularity survey (FFQ) out-of 58 dinners confirmed to have quoting energy intake plus the extra sugar and honey which is placed into products; and (C) estimate from physical exercise with regards to new Around the world Physical exercise Questionnaire (IPAQ) , and this facts lifetime of physical working out within three pastime membership (severe, reasonable, mild do it) otherwise inactive conditions. The new IPAQ could have been confirmed before because the a combination-federal software to have tape physical exercise [20,21,22] and also to guess energy expenditure.
The energy and you will liquid posts out-of registered items and you may drinks try examined by using the Diet plan Study As well as (Wadsworth Posting Co Inc., Belmont, California, USA), and that spends composition investigation regarding the USDA Federal Mineral Databases and you will chose Greek food (we.elizabeth., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yoghurt, lentiles kidney beans soup, numerous Greek pies, souvlaki, stuffed tomatoes) . According to total energy intake and effort expense, opportunity harmony are evaluated too.
Within investigation, “drinks” refers to fresh fruit juices or packaged liquid 100% instead of sugar posts, sugar-sugary drinks (SSDs) (fresh fruit nectar which have glucose, carbonated drinks having glucose and energy/isotonic beverages), low calorie carbonated drinks, beverage and you may natural infusions, whole milk (all types of milk products, delicious chocolate milk products and you will cocoa drink), milkshake and you will sherbets, coffee-and coffee beverages, and liquor (alcohol, drink as well as types of liquor). “Drink time intake (DEI)” describes times consumption from beverages “overall energy intake (TEI)” in order to energy consumption of every provide and you can “time consumption away from food” in order to opportunity consumption away from solid and liquid food (elizabeth.grams., soups). New contribution from beverages communities to help you total time consumption (investigation out of Malisova ainsi que al. 2013), showed once the overall drinking habits (TWI), we.age., drinking water away from beverages, water, solid and you will fluid food so when drink drinking habits (DWI), i.elizabeth., h2o from products and you can drinking water.
step three. Analytical Data
Email address details are showed while the indicate ± sd for the generally distributed variables and you may average (P25–P75) for the skewed of these. Normality try tested using the likelihood–probability area (P–P plot) and you can histograms. Differences when considering anyone concerning your total energy consumption, energy of drinks, times out-of dishes, energy costs, energy equilibrium, intake of water, h2o out of drinking water and you will beverages, water of products, liquid out-of liquids, water regarding dishes, drinking water loss and you may liquids harmony were assessed on the the most beautiful Dali girls independent test t-sample on the normally delivered details additionally the Mann-Whittney You-decide to try with the skewed ones. Similarly, differences when considering the fresh four quartiles of time off drinks have been assessed on that-means ANOVA F-sample with the typically marketed details additionally the Kruskal-Wallis H Shot to your skewed of these. Importance top is set from the 5%. Correlations between your sum out-of products so you can drinking habits for the relation so you’re able to energy during the cold temperatures and you may june was indeed examined from the Pearson’s otherwise Spearman’s correlation coefficients for normally distributed or skewed parameters. Every statistical analyses did having fun with PASW Analytics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).
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